Pakistan’s relationship with China has been characterised as an “all-weather friendship”, founded on diplomatic ties, economic collaboration, and strategic interests. However, beneath the surface of this seemingly steadfast alliance lies a nuanced tapestry of sentiments and opinions among the Pakistani think tanks and populace regarding the Chinese presence in their country.
Historical Context
The roots of Sino-Pakistan relations can be traced back to 1950 when Pakistan became one of the first countries to recognise the People’s Republic of China. Over the decades, this relationship has grown significantly, marked by mutual support on international platforms and deepened economic cooperation. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), launched in 2015, represents a pivotal phase in this alliance, promising substantial investments in infrastructure and economic development across Pakistan.
Economic Benefits Vs Socio-Political Concerns
Central to the Sino-Pakistani partnership is the economic synergy fostered by projects like CPEC. This initiative, valued at over $60 billion, aims to modernise Pakistan’s infrastructure, expand energy production, and spur economic growth through transportation networks and industrial zones. For a section of people, CPEC is a game-changer for Pakistan’s economy, creating jobs, attracting foreign investment, and alleviating infrastructure bottlenecks. However, despite these economic promises, a spectrum of concerns exists among Pakistani stakeholders. Critics argue that CPEC projects may compromise Pakistan’s sovereignty, citing instances where Chinese firms dominate key sectors. There is also a considerable lack of transparency in project agreements.
The long-term implications of debt accrued from Chinese loans and investments raise further apprehensions. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Pakistan’s external debt rose to $113 billion in 2023. Pakistan owes a significant portion of this debt to the Chinese financial institutions. This burgeoning debt has led to fears of potential economic dependency on China, echoing the experiences of other countries caught in similar debt traps. Local communities also express concerns over environmental degradation and displacement due to infrastructure projects. Reports from the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) indicate that certain CPEC projects have led to deforestation and habitat loss in ecologically sensitive areas. These environmental issues, coupled with the social impacts of large-scale displacement, underscore the need for sustainable development practices and community consultation.
Public Opinion: A Mosaic of Sentiments
Recent surveys provide insights into diverse public opinions regarding the Chinese presence in Pakistan. A survey by Gallup Pakistan in 2023 found that 45 per cent of respondents did have apprehensions about whether CPEC would really improve Pakistan’s economic situation! Whilst improved infrastructure and enhanced connectivity was considered a significant driver of positive sentiment, issues related to the debt trap, China’s hegemony, and frequent incidents targeting Chinese workers and projects by militant groups underscored the complex security dynamics in Pakistan. The Pakistan Institute for Peace Studies (PIPS) reported a 15 per cent increase in attacks on Chinese nationals and CPEC projects in 2022 compared to the previous year. Cultural exchanges and the influx of Chinese workers prompt mixed reactions. While some celebrate cultural diversity, others express anxieties over cultural assimilation.
A Pew Research Center survey in 2022 revealed that 40 per cent of Pakistanis felt uneasy about the growing Chinese presence affecting local traditions and lifestyles. These cultural perceptions add another layer of complexity to public sentiment. Political parties and media outlets play pivotal roles in shaping public discourse. Pakistani authorities generally endorse CPEC as a transformative initiative, emphasising its potential to address infrastructure deficits and stimulate economic growth.
The Ministry of Planning, Development, and Special Initiatives regularly highlights CPEC’s progress and achievements. In contrast, opposition parties and civil society groups continue to express their reservations on various aspects of CPEC, including transparency, governance, and the allocation of benefits to local communities. Media reports often focus on the perceived inequities and lack of local consultation in project implementation.
Security Apprehensions
Pakistan’s alliance with China is influenced by its strategic rivalry with India and geopolitical dynamics in South Asia. Chinese investments in Pakistan’s port infrastructure and military cooperation underscore strategic alignments that benefit both nations, yet raise concerns about regional stability and sovereignty. Beyond economic ties, China and Pakistan engage in joint military exercises and defence collaborations, enhancing Pakistan’s defence capabilities but also amplifying concerns about foreign influence and dependency. The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) reported that China was the largest arms supplier to Pakistan between 2016 and 2020, accounting for 61 per cent of Pakistan’s arms imports.
Future Prospects and Mitigating Concerns
Addressing public concerns necessitates proactive measures. Enhancing transparency in project agreements, ensuring equitable distribution of benefits, and strengthening oversight mechanisms can bolster public trust. The Pakistan Business Council (PBC) advocates for public disclosures of CPEC agreements to ensure accountability. Engaging local communities in project planning and implementation processes can mitigate social and environmental impacts, fostering inclusive development. The Rural Support Programmes Network (RSPN) emphasises the importance of participatory development approaches in CPEC projects. Civil society organisations, academia, and media play crucial roles in fostering informed debates and advocating for policies that prioritise Pakistan’s long-term interests over short-term gains. Educational campaigns and public forums can help demystify CPEC projects and help to differentiate between propaganda and reality.
Navigating a Complex Relationship
The Sino-Pakistan relationship exemplifies a blend of economic and socio-political challenges, especially for Pakistan. While Chinese investments claim to have brought transformative development in Pakistan, public sentiment reflects a nuanced balance of optimism and apprehension. Addressing the concerns of the public, related to sovereignty, transparency, environmental sustainability, and cultural impact is imperative for fostering a sustainable and mutually beneficial partnership. As Pakistan navigates its relationship with China, there is an urgent need to address the deficit on three fronts- transparency, accountability, and public engagement.
Thus, while Pakistani sentiments towards the Chinese presence in Pakistan vary, they underscore the imperative for a nuanced policy approach that balances economic opportunities with safeguarding national sovereignty and addressing public concerns.
The writer is an author and columnist and has written several books. His X handle is @ArunAnandLive. Views expressed in the above piece are personal and solely those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect News18’s views.
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