New York City lawmakers voted Thursday to close the notorious Rikers Island jail complex, which has become synonymous with violence and neglect, and replace it with four smaller jails intended to be more modern and humane.
The City Council voted 36-13 to replace the complex with four smaller jails located closer to the city's main courthouses in Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx and Queens.
Rikers is scheduled to shutter by 2026, ending a decades-long run as one of the world's largest jails.
"Rikers island is a symbol of brutality and inhumanity and it is time for us to once and for all close Rikers Island," said City Council Speaker Corey Johnson, a Democrat who shepherded the plan through the Council. "As a city we must do everything we can to move away from the failed policies of mass incarceration."
Mayor Bill de Blasio and other Democrats support the plan, which has a price tag of more than $8 billion, in part because of a belief that in an age of falling crime rates, huge jails are part of the public safety problem rather than part of the solution.
"This is one of those moments where a cycle gets broken. There's been a cycle of incarceration," de Blasio said at a news conference after the vote. He added, "It ends now. That cycle ends now."
Members of the Council spoke in emotional terms about the significance of closing Rikers. Councilman Daniel Dromm invoked the names of former inmates who have died including Kalief Browder , who took his own life at age 22 after being held in for three years at Rikers, and Layleen Polanco , a transgender woman who was found dead in her cell at Rikers last June.
But some opponents of the plan said they don't want the city to build any new jails. "There is nothing in the plan that guarantees closing Rikers," said Councilman Carlos Menchaca, who voted no. "I do not trust this mayor. Do you?"
The vote on the plan was disrupted by anti-jail activists who chanted "If you build it they will fill it" and threw flyers from the balcony.
City officials say a steep drop in the jail population has made it feasible to close Rikers, a complex of 10 jails on an island between Queens and the Bronx that mainly houses inmates awaiting trial.
With falling crime rates, the number of people incarcerated in the city on a daily basis has declined from a high of nearly 22,000 in 1991 to about 7,000 today. City officials announced this week that they believe they can shrink the jail population even further by 2026, to just 3,300 prisoners.
Backers of the jail overhaul say they expect the city's jail population will keep dropping because of criminal justice reforms.
Several district attorneys in the city have said they are no longer prosecuting small-time marijuana possession cases. The police department, after ages of measuring officers by how many people they put in handcuffs, has slashed arrests for misdemeanors as officers have been encouraged to write tickets for minor offenses, rather than drag people to jail.
A new state law is set to eliminate cash bail for most misdemeanor and nonviolent arrests. Once the law goes into effect in January, far fewer poor people will be held in jail while awaiting trial.
Critics of the plan, however, say fewer cells may mean more violent criminals on city streets.
Seth Barron, project director of the NYC Initiative at the Manhattan Institute, a conservative think tank, questions whether the city can really drive incarceration rates as low as they want without compromising public safety.
"It's not clear how they're going to get these numbers and it's politically driven," Barron said. "It's a big risk because we've already taken all the nonviolent people out of Rikers."
Barron blames the effort to empty the city's jails for the beating deaths of four homeless men in Manhattan's Chinatown this month.
Randy Santos, the man charged with attacking the men as they slept, had been recently freed from jail after several arrests for previous, less serious attacks on other people.
"What is clear is that progressive social policies gave Santos the freedom to feed his addictions and nurture his insanity — until he murdered four innocent people," Barron wrote in the institute's City Journal .
The plan calls for moving inmates to four new or expanded jails in each city borough except Staten Island, making it easier for the inmates to receive visits from lawyers and family members who will no longer have to travel to an island.
The plan met some resistance from residents of neighborhoods surrounding the jail sites. City Council leaders announced Tuesday they would decrease the heights of the planned jails to win support. A prison skyscraper planned for lower Manhattan was cut from 45 to 29 stories and a proposed Brooklyn jail went from 39 to 29 stories. City Council member Margaret Chin, a Democrat who represents lower Manhattan, said the shorter jail tower planned for her district "will no longer be out of scale with the neighborhood."
But others said they didn't want any new jails at all. Marlene Nava Ramos, a member of the advocacy group No New Jails NYC, said "the idea is to begin actually decarcerating New York City instead of building new jails."
Martin Horn, who headed the city Department of Correction from 2003 to 2009 under Mayor Michael Bloomberg, said reducing the jail population to 3,300 would be "a historic accomplishment" but he questioned the 2026 deadline for completing the new jails.
"My experience is that city construction projects of this magnitude take far longer," said Horn, who now teaches at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice.
Rikers Island has housed jail inmates since the 1930s and has long been known for brutality. The jail complex saw hundreds of stabbings each year during the 1980s and early 1990s.
More recently, a 2014 Associated Press investigation detailed dozens of inmate deaths including that of a homeless ex-Marine who essentially baked to death in a hot cell.
"I know what damage Rikers does to people. Rikers is not a fit place for human beings," said JoAnne Page, president of the Fortune Society, a nonprofit organization that provides support to formerly incarcerated people. "We are moving in the right direction after so many years of moving in the wrong way," she said.
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